如何思考人民？——論葛蘭西「民族—人民的」概念

論壇：庶民研究的教習踐行與文藝研究

Forum: Subaltern Studies as Pedagogies——Their Bearing on Literary Studies

如何思考人民？

——論葛蘭西「民族—人民的」概念

How to Think about the People?

On Gramsci’s Concept “National-popular”

陳越

Chen, Yue

摘要

        葛蘭西正面地談及「人民」的地方，總是在一個獨創的詞語中：「民族—人民的」。在義大利語中，「民族的」不等同於「人民的」，乃是「現代形式的義大利民族難產的反映」。「不平衡發展」引導我們去理解他所思考的對象――「人民」――的非同尋常的特性，以及他思考這個對象的非同尋常的方式，即像馬基雅維利那樣把「人民」的非概念的存在當作歷史的「永恆」起點去思考。這種思考與哲學家從歷史的「結果」――「人」――出發的道路完全相反，後者（以康德文本為範例）反映了資產者―市民按照自身形象對「人」進行塑造的歷史過程，即把「民族—人民」、「啟蒙」或歸化為「公民（Bürger）」的歷史過程。葛蘭西重新思考和重新提出「民族—人民的」概念的過程，表現為「理論的迂回」和「理論的加工」，特別是理論難題的重新提出，以及理論立場的重新確立。「陣地戰」的設想，構成了葛蘭西思想中最有力量的方面，包含著一種有機知識份子必須採取的「雙重立場」。所謂底層—庶民，就是葛蘭西在這種「雙重立場」中思考的問題：只有在「民族—人民的」統一過程中，「底層階級」才有能力書寫他們的歷史，尤其是他們解放的歷史。

 Abstract

        Whenever Antonio Gramsci refers to “the people” positively, this concept is always set in the context “national-popular”, a selfcoined expression. In Italian language, “national” is no equivalent to “popular”, but points to“the reflection of the national dystocia of Italy in a modern form”. “Unequal development” leads us to the extraordinary characteristics of his object—the people—and his unique way of thinking about it: that is, similar to Machiavelli, to regard the non-conceptual being of “the people” as an eternal starting point of history. However, this is completely opposite to philosophers’ approach which starts with the historical result—Man. The latter, taking Kant’s text as an example, indicates a historical process of bourgeois’ moulding Man according to their own images—to adopt “national-popular” and enlightenment as citizen (Bürger). The way Gramsci rethinks and re-proposes the concept “national-popular” appears to be a theoretical detour and a theoretical reworking, especially the re-proposing of theoretical problems and the re-establishment of theoretical position. His assumption, “the war of position”, constitutes the most powerful aspect of Gramsci’s thoughts, which includes a double position those organic intellectuals must take. Therefore, the so-called “subaltern” is the problem Gramsci thinks about in this “double position”: only in the unified process of “national-popular” can the subaltern class write about their own history, especially their liberation history.

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