2017年8月31日 星期四

一九六○年代初期創世紀詩社之「超現實」詩論

研究論文
Research Article

一九六○年代初期創世紀詩社之「超現實」詩論
The “Surreal” Poetics of “Epoch” in the Early 1960’s

陳瀅州
Chen, Ying-Chou

摘要

        主流詩史敘事談到超現實詩,皆以「反抗」並「取代」官方文藝這個觀點切入;而引領超現實詩潮的創世紀詩社,則被賦予反抗官方文藝、當時社會政治下的不得不然,因此詩作中炫奇技巧、空洞內容成為反共文藝體制下的荒漠甘泉。事實上,將超現實與反共文藝對立起來,如此非黑即白的二分法,可能掩蓋了「創世紀」與官方文藝政策間若即若離的關係。為了解決這項詩史疑義,本文主要觀察一九六○年代初期「創世紀」走向「超現實」路線的發展過程,藉以探討集中出現的大量「超現實」話語如何生成與運作,並以此檢視「創世紀」的「超現實」路線是否真如主流敘事所言:反抗並取代官方文藝。本文認為「創世紀」從「民族」轉向「超現實」,看似從強調「縱的繼承」改弦易轍而接受「橫的移植」,其實深藏的詩學核心仍是官方意識形態的展演。

關鍵詞:創世紀詩社、超現實、官方意識形態

Abstract

        It's a common saying that surreal poetry “resists” and “replaces” the official literature by the mainstream narrative of poetry history, and that the “Epoch” leads the trend of surreal poetry to resist the official literature and necessary of the society and politic at that time. In actuality, surreal poetry in opposition to anti-communism is a dichotomy that might cover the relationship of the “Epoch” and the policy of the official literature. This paper aims to observe the development of the “Epoch” toward “surreal” in the early 1960’s, and considers the process from “nation” to “surreal” of the “Epoch” whose poetics are still an official ideology.

Keywords: “Epoch,” Surreal poetry, official ideology

帝國底下誕生的兩個瘋子――戰後台日兩國的退伍軍人意象

研究論文
Research Article

帝國底下誕生的兩個瘋子――戰後台日兩國的退伍軍人意象
Two Lunatics under the Empire: The Representation of Japan and Taiwan’s Repatriated Persons after WWⅡ

倉本知明
Kuramoto, Tomoaki

摘要

        本文透過井伏鱒二的〈遥拜隊長〉(1950)與陳映真的〈鄉村的教師〉(1960)的作品比較,分析戰後台日兩國的退伍軍人如何面對戰時犯下的罪惡,為此探討所謂戰爭責任問題之中隱藏的種種論點,以及台日兩國戰後的差異。

        二戰之際,被任命為隨軍記者的井伏鱒二在〈遥拜隊長〉一文中藉由刻畫戰中因頭部負傷而導致精神異常的岡崎悠一,在戰後繼續擺出帝國軍人的模樣,來諷刺戰後立即認同和平價值的日本民眾。戰後仍舊體現忠誠帝國軍人精神的悠一在文本中為一丑角,但他瘋癲的存
在卻顯示出無期限推卸戰爭責任的戰後日本。與其不同,陳映真〈鄉村的教師〉則描繪在南洋吃人回鄉的左翼知識分子吳錦翔的主體形成與其他失敗的過程。光復之後,吳錦翔為了克服這個精神創傷試著奮力認同他心目中的祖國,但他的試圖卻被戰後冷戰體制徹底粉碎,不
得不面對曾經在戰場犯下的罪惡,為贖前愆,以自殺終結。

        本文將藉由分析出現在兩個作品中不同背景的退伍軍人的言行舉止,先討論日本與台灣作家各自以何種立場描述從戰場返回的退伍軍人心態,接著探討他們經驗的「戰後」以及其中隱藏的主體形成問題。最後,以前述的論點介入日本戰爭責任問題的爭議,再探討分別呈現台日兩國「戰後」的差別。

關鍵詞:退伍軍人、戰爭責任、日本軍國主義、墮落

Abstract

        In comparing Masuji Ibuse’s “Yohai Taicho” and Ying-Zhen Chen’s “The Country Village Teacher,” this essay analyses how the repatriated persons in Taiwan and Japan faced their crimes committed during war time, and explores varied issues hidden behind the questions of war responsibilities and the differences between post-war Taiwan and Japan. During WWII, as a war correspondent, Masuji Ibuse, in “Yohai Tacho,” by portraying Yuichi Okazaki, who suffered a mental anomaly due to a head injury during the war, still acting like an Imperial soldier after the war, mocks the Japanese people who recognised the value of peace immediately after the war was over. Yuichi was a comic character in the novel despite embodying the spirit of a loyal Imperial soldier; be that as it may, his madness represents the post-war Japan who has continuously denied her war responsibilities. Unlike Ibuse, Ying-Zhen Chen’s “The Country Village Teacher” describes the formation of the subjectivity and failures of Jing-Xiang Wu, a left-wing repatriated intellectual who
committed cannibalism in South-east Asia. After Taiwan’s Restoration, in order to overcome his trauma, Wu tried to identify with his ideal homeland, but this attempt was completely shattered by the Cold War, and he eventually had to face the crimes committed on the battlefield. He finally committed suicide as an act of redemption. By analysing the behaviours and utterances of these two repatriated persons from different backgrounds portrayed in the two works, this essay first explores
how the two writers from Japan and Taiwan narrate the psychology of repatriated persons, and then examines their post-war experiences and the problems of the formation of their underlying subjectivity. Finally, this thesis discusses the controversy of Japan’s war responsibilities from the
perspectives of the abovementioned analyses, and reveals differences between post-war Taiwan and Japan.

Keywords: repatriated soldiers, war responsibility, Japanese Militarism, fallen

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從日本軍歌到台灣禁歌的觀察――以〈步くうた〉、 〈無頭路〉為例

特稿
Feature Article

從日本軍歌到台灣禁歌的觀察――以〈步くうた〉、〈無頭路〉為例
A Case Study of Music Transition from a Japanese Militant Song to a Censored Taiwanese Folksong: "The Marching Song" and "Roads to No Where"

呂興昌
Lū, Heng-Chhiong

摘要

        1941年由日本ビクター(勝利)唱片公司發行的〈步くうた〉(行路歌),是當時的「軍國歌謠」,一出版,馬上風行日本本土及其殖民地如台灣,成為當年的暢銷歌曲,並獲東京中央放送局的「選獎」。23年後的1964年,台灣惠美唱片公司據此曲調翻唱的〈無頭路〉,卻在出版後不久即因描寫失業問題有「妨害社會安寧與秩序」之嫌遭到查禁;如無特殊機會,這首歌早就消失於台灣詩/歌壇。本文透過田野調查、文獻考索與文本分析探討二者(尤其是〈無頭路〉)在各自國度的創作動機、歷史情境、受容脤絡以及美學價值,藉以彰顯六○年代台語文學代表文類台語歌詩的重要作家呂金守之語言風格與藝術成就。

關鍵詞:呂金守、軍國歌謠、皇民化、禁歌、翻唱、失業歌謠

Abstract

        "The Marching Song" (步くうた) was a militant song published by JVC (Victor Company of Japan) in 1941. It became popular in Japan and Japanese colonies such as Taiwan, and won the Choice Award of the Year at Tokyo Broadcasting Station. In 1964, a cover song called "Roads to No Where" (無頭路) was published by Hui-Mei Record Company in Taiwan. However, as the lyrics contained description of unemployment, it was soon banned by the Taiwanese government as it was considered as an "act that jeopardizes social order and stability." This essay uses field study and textual analysis methods to investigate the motivation of composition, historical contexts, acceptances, and aesthetic values of these two songs (especially "Roads to No Where"), while highlighting the language style and artistic achievement of Lū Kim-Siú, a great poetry/ folksong writer in Taiwanese language literature in the 1960s.

Keywords: Lū Kim-Siú , militant songs, Japanization, Censorship of music, cover songs, unemployment

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2017年8月30日 星期三

編輯室報告(第十期)

        本次《台灣文學研究》第十期收錄了特稿一篇,投稿論文三篇,共計四篇論文。三篇投稿論文篇數雖不多,卻都有相當的篇幅份量,更是從嚴謹的審查中好不容易得以順利出線通過者。特稿為呂興昌發表於2016年6月「台日文學與歌謠國際學術研討會」的論文,因其挖掘自曾被查禁已致消失於台灣詩/歌壇的失業歌曲〈無頭路〉,且具有由日本軍歌到台灣禁歌時代變化下的承繼與轉折關係,意義十分珍貴,本期特地邀請刊登。作者透過田野調查、文獻考索與文本分析等方法,探討其由日本時代軍歌〈步くうた〉(行路歌)演變為〈無頭路〉二者在各自國度的創作動機、歷史情境、受容脈絡以及美學價值,並藉此彰顯六○年代台語文學代表文類「台語歌詩」的重要作家呂金守之語言風格與藝術成就,本刊鄭重推薦。

        其次,在研究論文部份,本次計收錄有倉本知明(Kuramoto)〈帝國底下誕生的兩個瘋子――戰後台日兩國的退伍軍人意象〉、陳瀅州〈一九六○年代初期創世紀詩社之「超現實」詩論〉及劉南芳〈台灣歌仔戲引用流行歌曲的途徑與發展原因〉等三篇。其中倉本知明(Kuramoto)〈帝國底下誕生的兩個瘋子――戰後台日兩國的退伍軍人意象〉一文針對井伏鱒二的〈遥拜隊長〉(1950)與陳映真的〈鄉村的教師〉(1960)兩篇同時描寫到日台兩國退伍軍人的太平洋戰爭經驗進行比較。面對戰時犯下的罪惡,〈遥拜隊長〉中戰後仍舊體現忠誠於帝國的日本軍人悠一,以瘋癲的存在諷刺戰後立即認同和平價值的日本民眾;陳映真〈鄉村的教師〉中戰後回到台灣故鄉的左翼知識分子吳錦翔,為了克服曾在南洋戰爭時期吃人肉維生的精神創傷,雖奮力認同心目中的祖國,卻終被戰後冷戰體制粉碎,以自殺終結心中罪愆。本文探討所謂「戰爭責任」問題之中隱藏的種種論點,以及台日兩國「戰後」的差異,對經歷戰爭的日台退伍軍人面對「戰後」以及其中隱藏的主體形成問題,尤其日本戰爭責任問題的爭議,有深入的探討。

        另外,陳瀅州〈一九六○年代初期創世紀詩社之「超現實」詩論〉一文針對一九六○年代初期創世紀詩社的歷史定位,尤其其「反抗」意識關係問題加以探討。認為創世紀詩社推的超現實詩作被主流詩史敘事解釋為反共文藝體制下的荒漠甘泉,可能掩蓋了「創世紀」與官方文藝政策間若即若離的關係。本文主要觀察一九六○年代初期「創世紀」走向「超現實」路線的發展過程,探討集中出現的大量「超現實」話語,究竟如何生成與運作,最終「創世紀」從「民族」轉向「超現實」,看似從強調「縱的繼承」改弦易轍而接受「橫的移植」,其實深藏的詩學核心仍是官方意識形態的展演。本文面對此一看來並不新鮮的爭議性問題,以細緻的爬梳提出具有相當說服力的新立論,值得參考。

        最後,劉南芳〈台灣歌仔戲引用流行歌曲的途徑與發展原因〉一文,探討從1932年第一首台語流行歌〈桃花泣血記〉灌錄成唱片發行開始,台灣歌仔戲如何將當時台灣流行歌曲規律詞格與分節形式的民謠風,作為「新調」穿插在內台歌仔戲傳統曲調之中混合使用,以製造演出效果。本文從日治時期的歌仔戲、戰後內台歌仔戲、及外台「胡撇仔戲」三個階段敘述台灣歌仔戲引用流行歌的情形,並分析歌仔戲與流行歌能夠互相交流的原因,特別是在新編的「胡撇仔戲」當中,「活戲」的表演形式為流行音樂留下寬廣的發展空間,大眾文化中的「商業性」要求更促成了流行歌與戲劇表演的結合,這使得流行歌曲所占的篇幅日益擴大,幫助歌仔戲可以和其他的通俗娛樂展開競爭。透過此文的觀察可以清楚認知到,從吸收「民謠」到引進「流行歌曲」,無疑是台灣歌仔戲從「民間文化」過渡到「大眾文化」歷程
的一個重要的特徵。

        綜觀本期幾篇論文,就論述題材與討論方式來看,可以發現如倉本知明(Kuramoto)比較性的議題與陳瀅州舊材料新觀點的論文仍然是永遠受到重視與不虞匱乏的研究可能與取材方式。而呂興昌、劉南芳兩篇論文以台語歌詩或流行歌進行探討,並且都同時挖掘了由日治到戰後特定的傳承脈絡與關係轉變,這類以聲音為主的議題與材料在過去台灣文學研究中非常受忽視,如今已逐漸得到出土、重視與探討,這不但是令人開心的發展,也期待未來有更多的相關研究與材料繼續出現。

        最後,除了感謝本期各匿名審查人、編輯委員會諸委員們以及默默付出不及辨識者的全力襄贊努力之外,也感謝英譯特稿摘要部份的洪苑真女士及時幫忙,尤其特別感謝兩位編輯助理王維碩與劉庭彰先生,本期編輯過程中經歷了編輯委員會審查方式的局部變革,他們為維持本刊嚴謹審查的原則,承擔了比過去更為漫長的繁瑣溝通與書信往返,沒有他們的配合與努力,本刊的出版恐將遙遙無期,在此特別為兩位付出的龐大時間與精力致上最深的謝意。(廖淑芳)

愛情、性與婚姻的政治經濟學――再論楊青矗的小說

研究論文
Research Article

愛情、性與婚姻的政治經濟學――再論楊青矗的小說
The Political Economy of Love, Sex, and Marriage: A Study of Yang Qing-Chu’s Fiction

謝世宗
Shie, Elliott S.T.

摘要

    當先行研究者強調楊青矗作品所反映的社會現實時,本文指出他的許多作品其實以愛情為情節核心,然而他的羅曼史是一種「反羅曼史」,以赤裸裸的方式展現愛情、性與婚姻的經濟性格,並改寫、顛覆或解構純愛羅曼史的神話。楊青矗透過特定的愛情模式(媒妁之言與自由戀愛),反映下層經濟結構的轉變,並呈現資本主義體制下情愛與婚姻關係的物化現象,尤其公平意識不但展現在公領域,更滲透到私領域。其中的傑作〈工廠的舞會〉是一則資本主義的寓言,呈現資本主義體制下工作與休閒/愛情的共生結構;揭露市場供需不平衡下,雇主與勞工、男性與女性的權力關係;以及在性別分化下,集體抗爭的困難。楊青矗的《心標》與《連雲夢》兩本長篇小說細膩鋪陳男女談情說愛的歷程,宛如羅曼史的形式,但卻點出愛情、藝術、自然與文化資本的共生關係,直指浪漫愛實質上乃是資本主義社會特定階級的特權。透過楊青矗的小說研究,本文一方面重新指出其作品中較少受到關注的愛情元素,另一方面重新思索社會學研究與文學批評的界線,並提出更細緻的反映論架構以思索寫實主義小說的複雜內涵。

關鍵詞:楊青矗、愛情、經濟、反映論、資本主義

Abstract

    The scholarship on Yang Qing-Chu's fiction has focused on social, economic, and political issues such as class conflict, social change, economic inequality, gender hegemony, and labor alienation. Against this backdrop, this paper first pinpoints “love” as the locus of his stories; but in contrast to popular romance, where love conquers all, Yang’s love stories reveal the economic characteristics of love, sex, and marriage, thereby subverting the romance formulas that often revere the myth of romantic love. First, through their depiction of intimate, sexual, and marital relationships, love stories reveal the transformations occurring in the economy. In addition, Yang’s love stories explore the phenomenon of reification that has penetrated both the public and private domains. Third,
while his stories seem to indicate the homology between the markets of mating and labor, the story of “The Dance Party” suggests that there is conflict between the individual and the collective, that is, between one’s romantic pursuits and one’s alliances in the interest of the working class. Finally, Yang’ two novels enquire into the trinity of love, nature and art, revealing the relationship of romanic love and class privilege in a capitalist society. Through reflection theory, this paper hopes to shed some new light on Yang Qing-Chu's fiction and to reaffirm the significance of Marxist criticism in the study of Taiwanese literature.

Keywords: Yang Qing-Chu, love, economy, reflection theory, capitalism


日治時期《台灣日日新報》中日人台灣行旅圖文研 究――以小林松僲〈花不見日記〉為例

研究論文
Research Article

日治時期《台灣日日新報》中日人台灣行旅圖文研 究――以小林松僲〈花不見日記〉為例
Diaries and Pictures of Taiwan Travel from the Japanese Perspective Published in Taiwan Daily News during the Japanese Colonial Period: A Case Study of Kobayashi Shousen’s “Diary of Invisible Flowers”

蕭怡姍
Hsiao, Yi-Shan

摘要

    日治時期有許多日本官員、教師、畫家和文人作家,他們透過官方派遣或是寫生旅行等身分與目的,於報刊上發表的圖文結合城市、自然風光的行旅書寫。在風土民俗、熱帶氣候與溫帶家鄉日本完全不同的海島台灣,由日籍文人與畫家敘述的文字與描繪的圖像,勾勒出的殖民地台灣風景,因為目的與觀看視角的不同,讓他們的圖像與文字所隱含的內容與意味往往多於表象所見。本文以小林松僲1907年3月6日到3月19日發表於《台灣日日新報》的21篇
〈花不見日記〉為研究主軸,每篇日記皆記載了小林松僲於竹仔湖登山寫生的心情與見聞。

    小林松僲〈花不見日記〉以優美俳諧書寫佐以圖像描繪尋櫻卻不見櫻的經過,〈花不見日記〉刊載隔日,《漢文日日新報》便開始連載〈竹仔湖紀行畫〉,以小林松僲的原圖搭配重新創作的漢詩,詩文則多由圖像衍伸而出並未參考原文。竹仔湖的櫻花在外型上雖與日本櫻花稍有不同,卻可視為日本櫻花的移植,櫻花所在地——竹仔湖,成為日本馴化後的「風景」,台灣也成為日本收編的「國土」。《台灣日日新報》與《漢文日日新報》藉由刊載小林松僲尋櫻不見櫻,珍愛的櫻花在寫生登山之旅扮演關鍵角色,櫻花成為一種教化啟蒙之工具,使日本殖民統治更具正統性,於是櫻花之所在之地,即是帝國所在。

關鍵詞:小林松僲、台灣日日新報、花不見日記、漢文台灣日日新報、竹仔湖紀行畫

Abstract

    Many Japanese travelers from a variety of professions, including officials, teachers, writers and painters, came to Taiwan to live or travel during the Japanese colonial period. Living on an island where the climate and culture were different from Japan, these travelers, particularly the writers and painters, were able to present pictures and sceneries based on their experiences of Taiwan, which revealed overlapping, yet discernible visual images.

    Kobayashi Shousen’s traveling-writing “Diary of invisible flowers” written in gorgeous “Haiku” illustrated with paintings depicts the process of seeking sakura, but failing. After “Diary of invisible flowers” was published, th Taiwan Daily News Chinese Edition immediately started to serialize “Travel Painting of Jhuzihu.” Although the paintings of Jhuzihu are the same as “Diary of Invisible Flowers,” the content is completely different for the translator came up with his own text based on the original pictures. It is reasonable for the Japanese to claim that Taiwan is part of Japan because of the similar sakura and scenery found in “Jhuzihu.” Taiwan Daily News and its Chinese version published Kobayashi Shousen’s traveling writing “Diary of Invisible Flowers” to reinforce the idea that “The place where sakura grows belongs to the Japan Empire.”

Keywords: Kobayashi Shousen, Taiwan Daily News, Diary of Invisible Flowers, Taiwan Daily News Chinese Edition, Travel Painting of Jhuzihu



當代台灣小說中的資本主義體制

研究論文
Research Article

當代台灣小說中的資本主義體制
The Capitalist Institution in Contemporary Taiwan Fiction

林運鴻
Lin, Yun-Hong

摘要

        隨著全球資本主義的擴張,台灣的經濟生活與社會結構也發生了重大的改變。本文所要觀察的是,在台灣當代小說中,資本主義制度以甚麼樣的面貌呈現。本文主要討論四個面相:一、農村勞動力的遷移,以及城鄉差距帶來的弊病。二、在台灣社會的資本主義化歷史過程中,國家在市場領域中扮演的角色。三、隨著台灣進入全球市場,在地的工人與跨國流動的資本階級之間的緊張。四、現代資本主義社會內部的階級衝突。除了分析當代台灣小說文本中,所再現的資本主義經濟之外,本文同時透過馬克思主義的觀點,去討論小說中可能存在的「階級意識」及其侷限。

關鍵詞:台灣文學史、都市化、國家、跨國資本主義、階級衝突、階級意識

Abstract

    With the expansion of capitalism, the economic life and social structure in Taiwan have undergone major shifts. This paper aims to explore the way capitalism is represented in contemporary Taiwan fiction. Four major aspects are discussed: 1. the movement of labor in farming communities as well as the drawbacks brought about by the development gap between urban and rural areas; 2. the role of the state in the market over the course of capitalist history in Taiwanese society; 3. the tensions between local laborers and the transnational capitalist-class, with the entry of Taiwan into the global market; and, 4. the class conflict within modern capitalist societies. Apart from analyzing the representation of capitalism in contemporary Taiwan fiction, this paper also discusses the
potential “class consciousness” and its limits from a Marxist perspective.

Keywords: Taiwanese literary history, urbanization, state, global capitalism, class conflict, class consciousness